The Effects of High Dose Rate Brachytherapy in Recurrent Obstructive Bronchogenic Cancer after External Irradiation Therapy / 결핵

BACKGROUND: Patients with centrally recurred bronchogenic carcinoma make a complaint of many symptoms like hemoptysis, cough & dyspnea. At these conditions, the goal of treatment is only to relieve their symptoms. High dose rate brachytherapy(HDR-BT) is the palliative treatment modality of centrally located endobronchial tumor regardless of previous external irradiation(XRT) on the same site in symptomatic patients. METHOD: We studied the effects of HDR-BT in 26 patients with symptomatic recurrent lung cancer. Patients(male: 24, mean age: 54yrs)were treated with HDR-BT underwent bronchoscopic placement of 192Ir HDR after loading unit(Gammamed(R), Germany) to deliver 500cGY intraluminal irradiation at a depth of 1cm every 1wk on 3 occasions. Evaluation at base line and 4wks after HDR brachytherapy included chest X-ray, bronchscopy, symptoms (Standadized Scale for dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis), and Karnofsky performance scale. RESULTS: Endobronchial obstruction was improved in 11/26 patients(37%). Atelectasis in chest X-ray was improved in 5/15 patients(33%). Hemoptysis, dyspnea & cough were improved in 5/10 patients (50%), 5/8 patients (62%) & 10/18 patients (56%) respectively. Karnofsky performance status was changed from 76.4 scores in pretreatment to 77.6 scores after treatment. During HDR-BT, massive hemoptysis (2 patients) and pneumothorax(1 patient) were occurred as complications. CONCLUSION: We concluded that HDR-BT gave additional benefits for the control of symptoms and general performance and endobronchial obstruction & atelectasis. And HDR-BT will be an additional treatment for the recurrent and endobronchial obstructive lung cancer.

Tracheal Papillomatosis Causing Upper Airway Obstruction / 결핵

Tracheal papillomatosis is rare. When the disease starts during childhood, it usually appears to be self-limiting if properly managed. In adults, however, the disease sometimes rims a more protracted course with a higher risk of developing cancer. The tumors are derived from the tracheal surface epithelium and tracheal mucous glands and usually grow exophytically. Treatment has traditionally been with repeated endoscopic resection. However, in view of its viral origin, attempts have been made to control the disease with interferon. A67 years-old man was presented with exertional dyspnea. He was treated for bronchial asthma at another hospital. There was no improvement in his symptom. lie was referred to this hospital, and a bronchoscopic biopsy showed tracheal papillomatosis. lie was undergone bronchoscopic laser therapy with symptomatic improvement.

A Case of Relapsing Polychondritis Involved Tracheobronchial Tree / 결핵

Relapsing polychondritis is a systemic disorder characterized by recurrent inflammation and degeneration of cartilaginous tissue throughout the body. The association with HLA-DR4 and the occurrence of antibodies to type II collagen and other antoantibodies suggest that an immunologic mechanism is involved in its pathogenesis. The eyes, oars, nose, larynx, trachea and articular areas are commonly involved. Airway narrowing or collapse from respiratory tract involvement, occurs in up It 50% of patients with relapsing polychondritis. Treatment consists of administration of corticosteroids arid other anti-inflammatory and immunosuppresive drugs. We experienced a case of relapsing polychondritis involving the tracheobronchial tree, nose and ears in a 49-year-old woman. The patient was clinically and histologically diagnosed as relapsing polychondritis according to McAdam's and Damiani's criteria. We report this case with a review of the literature.

Castleman's Disease of the Lung / 결핵

Castleman's disease is uncommon lymphoproliferative disorder as giant lymph node hyperplasia and angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia. Multicentric variant of Cagtleman's disease, plasma cell type has been, described that has mort generalized lymph node involvement as well as involvement of other organ systems than localized type. Multicentric plasma cell type is frequently accompanied by systemic manifestations, such as weight loss, lowgrade fever and weakness. But the reported cases of pulmonary parenchymal involvement are rare and have almost consisted of hyalinized ganuloma adjacent 13 a bronchus. We report a patient with Castleman's disease of the lung, pathologically proven interstitial pulmonary involvement.

Clinical Characteristics of Asthmatic Patients Who Visited Emergency Room / 결핵

BACKGROUND: Despite remarkable progress of understanding the pathophysiology and therapy of bronchial asthma, asthma morbidity and mortality are on the rise. Also hospitalization and attending rates of emergency department for asthma have been increasing gradually. We analyzed clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients who visited emergency room due to asthma attack in order to define clinical characteristics of these group of patients. METHOD: We reviewed 105 adult asthmatic patients who attended emergency department of Korea University Hospital between August 1995 and July 1996, retrospectively. RESULTS: 103 patients(56 female, 47 males, mean age : 48.6 years) attended-68 self referral, 18 practitioner referral and 17 OPD transfer- and 86 patients(83.5%) were admitted. Attending emergncy department was clearly more frequent in December(13.6%) and May(12.6%). Time lag between onset of asthmatic attack and arrival at the hospital was 14.2 15.5 hour and initial peak expiratory flow rate was 166.7 68.3L/min.(43.3% predicted) The commonest cause for visiting emergency room was aggravation of asthma due to upper respiratory tract infection in mild asthmatics. About half of them had history of previous ER visits. Their prognosis was not bad, but after discharge, about half of patients escaped from OPD follow-up. CONCLUSION: As a group they merit detailed attention and follow up arrangement. Clinician need to monitor and review the treatment plans, the medications, the patient's management technique, and the level of asthma control. For this group, plans for longer term treatment, including asthma education program and adjustment of overall treatment plan should be made.

Usefulness of LIFE in diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma / 결핵

BACKGROUND: Although the overall prognosis of patients with lung cancer is poor, highly effective treatment exists for the small subset of patients with early lung cancer(carcinoma in situ/micro- invasive cancer). But very few patients have benefit from them because these lesions are difficult to detect and localize with conventional white-light bronchoscopy. To overcome this problem, a Lung Imaging Fluorescence Endoscopic device(LIFE) was developed to detect and clearly delineate the exact location and extent of premalignant and early lung cancer lesions using differences in tissue autofluorescence. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the difference of sensitivity and specificity in detecting dysplasia and carcinoma between fluorescence imaging and conventional white light bronchoscopy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 35 patients (16 with abnormal chest X-ray, 2 with positive sputum study, 2 with undiagnosed pleural effusion, 15 with respiratory symptom) hale been examined by LIFE imaging system. After a white light bronchoscopy, the patients were submitted to fluorescence bronchoscopy and the findings of both examinations have been classified in 3 categories(class I, II, III). From of all class II and III sites, 79 biopsy specimens have been collected for histologic examination: a comparison between histologic results and white light or fluorescence bronchoscopy has been performed for assessing sensitivity and specificity of the two methods. RESULTS: 1) Total 79 sites in 35 patients were examined. Histology demonstrated 8 normal mucosa, 21 hyperplasia, 23 dysplasia, and 27 microinvasive and invasive carcinoma. 2) The sensitivity of white light or fluorescence bronchoscopy in detecting dysplasia was 60.9% and 82.6%, respectively. 3) The results of. this study showed 70.3 % sensitivity for microinvasive or invasive carcinoma with LIFE system, versus 100% sensitivity for white light in 27 cases of carcinoma. The false negative study of LIFE system was 8 cases(3 adenocarcinoma and 5 small cell carcinoma), which were infiltrated in submucosal area and had normal epithelium. CONCLUSION: To improve the ability to diagnose and stage more accurately, fluorescence imaging may become an important adjunct to conventional bronchoscopic examination because of its high detection rate of premalignant and malignant epithelial lesion. But, it has limitation to detect in submucosal infiltrating carcinoma.

The Usefulness of Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) for M. tuberculosis in Differential Diagnosis of Solitary Pulmonary Nodule / 대한내과학회지

OBJECTIVES: The evaluation and management of a patient with solitary pulmonary nodule(SPN) are guided by principles that were derived from earlier surgical studies. SPN has a relatively good prognosis even if it is a malignant lesion. In Korea, where there is a high incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis, approximately 40% to 70% of clinically encountered solitary pulmonary nodules are tuberculous lesions. SPNs can be diagnosed by clinical findings and chest imaging techniques, but confirmed only by pathologic or cytologic studies. Transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy(TNAB) or cytology will be diagnostic in 80% to 95% of malignant nodules, but will identify the benign nature in 50% to 90% of benign nodules; such results imply lower accuracy of TNBA or cytology in diagnosing benign nodules. Differential diagnosis of SPNs can be difficult in tuberculosis endemic areas, such as in Korea, Nested polymerase chain reaction(PCB) is the widely used method to test very small amount of pathogene and to detect M, tuberculosis in fine needle aspirates. METHODS: 33 patients with SPN found on chest radiographs were evaluated by chest CT, mycobacteriologic and cytologic studies from sputum, bronchial washing fluids, and transthoracic fine needle aspirates, 17 cases were malignant SPNs(51.5%), consisting af 14 primary lung cancers and 3 metastatic SPNs, 18 cases were benign SPNs(48.5%), consisting of 8 tuberculous, 4 localized pneumonia, 1 pulmonary sequestration, and 3 radiologically suspected tuberculous lesions without response to anti-TB drugs. Nested PCR for detecting M. tuberculosis using TB-1, TB-2, TB-28, and TB-29C was carried out on fine needle aspirates from 33 patients with SPN. RESULTS: Among the pathologically proven 17 malignant SFNs, 15(88.5%) cases were detected as cancer on chest CT. 15(88.5%) cases were confirmed by transthoracic needle aspiration cytology, among which 3(17.7%) cases showed positive on sputum cytology, and other 3(17.7%) cases yielded positive on bronchial washing cytology as well. Two cases of malignant nodules were confirmed by open resection. In 8 tuberculous SPNs, Neither AFB stain of sputum, bronchial washings, nor transthoracic needle aspirates showed positive. However, mycobacterium was cultured in 1 (9.l%) case from sputum, in 3 (27.3%) cases from bronchial washing fluids, and in 2 (18.2%) cases from transthoracic needle aspirates. Thus, five cases were confirmed bacteriologically; one case had positive culture results on both bronchial washing and transthoracic needle aspirates. Three out of 8 tuberculous cases were radiologically suspected and showed response to anti-TB drugs, but were not bacteriologically confirmed. Chest CT could detect 72.7% of tuberculous nodules. Aspirates from malignancy, pneumonia, and sequestration were negative on nested PCR for tuberculosis, One of the 3 radiologically suspected tuberculous nadules without response to anti-TB drugs yielded positive results on nested PCR for M, tuberculosis. In contrast, 7 out of 8(87.5%) aspirates from proven tuberculous nodules showed positive results on nested PCR for M. tuberculous, which included 4 bacteriologically proven tuberculous nodules and 3 radiologically suspected tuberculous nodules with response to anti-TB drugs. CONCLUSION: Nested PCR could be used to detect M. tuberculosis in fine needle aspirates from tuberculous SPN with good sensitivity (87.5%) and specificity(96.0%). Therefore, nested PCR for detecting M. tuberculosis in fine needle aspirates may be useful in the differential diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules.

Gastro-esophageal Reflux in Asthmatic Patients / 결핵

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of Gastro-esophageal reflux(GER) in patients with asthma is estimated to be 50~60% and treatment of GER has been shown to improve asthma symptoms in Western. But GER has been known to be less common in Eastern and GER prevalence rates in asthmatics are not available in Korea. METHOD: We compared the prevalence rate of GER in 42 patients with asthma to that in 20 healthy normal controls and examed the efficacy of new prokinetic drug, cisapride(40mg/day, 8weeks) in patients with GER and asthma. For acid GER to be considered pathological, 24 hour esophageal pH monitoring should reveal values exceeding upper limit of 95 percentile for at least one of 6 parameter of DeMesseter's table. RESULT: The results showed GER was more common in patients with asthma(11/42, 26.2%) than normal controls(3/20, 15%) and asthmatics group showed a significant longer supine time pH<4(%) and total time pH<4(%), and more reflux episodes as compared with normal control group. After 4 asthmatics with GER were treated with cisapride, their asthma symtom scores, FEV1 and composite scores of pH monitoring were improved. CONCLUSION: GER is more common in asthmatics than in normal controls in Korea and prepulsid reduces asthma symptoms in patients with GER and asthma.

Methacholine Responsiveness of Bronchial and Extrathoracic Airway in Patients with Chronic Cough / 결핵

BACKGROUND: Chronic cough, defined as a cough persisting for three weeks or longer, Is a common symptom for which outpatient care is sought. The most common etiologies of chronic cough are postnasal drip, asthma, arid gastroesophageal reflux. Methacholine challenge is a useful diagnostic study in the evaulation of chronic cough, particularly useful in chronic cough patients with asthmatic symptom. Patients with chronic cough may have dysfunction of bronchial and extrathoracic airways. To evaluate if dysfunction of the bronchial and extrathoracic airways causes chronic cough, we assessed bronchial (BHR) and extrathoracic airway (EAHR) responsiveness to inhaled methacholine in patients with chronic cough. METHODS: 111patients with chronic cough were enrolled in our study. Enrolled patients had no recorded diagnosis of asthma bronchopulmonary disease, hypertension, heart disease or systemic disease and no current treatment with bronchodilator or corticosteroid. Enrolled patients consisted of 46 patients with cough alone, 24 patieots with wheeze 22 patients with dyspnea; 19 patients with wheeze and dyspnea. The inhaled methacholine concentrations causing a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (PC20FEV1,) and 25% fall in n axiital midinspiratory flow (PC25MIF50) were used as bronchial and extrathoracic hyperrespornsiveness. RESULTS: There were four response patterns to methacholine challenge study HEIR in 27 patients, EAHR in 16 patients, combined BHR and EAHR in S patients, and no hyperresponsiveness in 60 patients. In patients with cough alone, there were BHR in 3 patients, EAHR in 9 patients, and combined BI-IR and EAHR in 2 patients. In patients with wheeze and/or dyspnea, there were BHR in 24 patients, EAHR in 7 patients, and BHR and EAHR in 6 patients. Compared with patients with wheeze and/or dyspnea, patients with cough alone had more common EAHR than BHR. In patients with wheeze mad/or dyspnea, BHR was more common than EAHR. CONCLUSION: These results show tint among patients with hyperresponsiveness to methacholine, those with dyspnea and/or wheezing had mainly bronchial hyperresponsiveness, whereas those with chronic cough alone had mainly extrathoracic airway hyperresponsiveness.

A comparative study of three therapeutic modalities in loculatedtuberculous pleural effusions / 결핵

Background: Although most of the patients with tuberculous pleural effusions completely reabsorbed their effusions and became asymptomatic within 2 to 4 months, later surgical procedures such as decortication is needed in some patients because of dyspnea caused by pleural loculations and thickening despite anti-tuberculous chemotherapy. It is obligatory to secure adequate drainage to prevent the development of complications. But, the best methods for treating loculated tuberculous pleural effusions remain debatable. Recent several reports revealed that intrapleural instillation of fibrinolytic agents is an effective adjunct in the management of complicated empyema and may reduce the need of surgery. Purpose: The effects of catheterization with intrapleural urokinase instillation were prospectively evaluated in the patients with septated tuberculous pleural effusion, and compared with other therapeutic effects of different modalities of therapy such as repeated thoracentesis and small-bored catheterization. Methods: Forty-eight patients diagnosed with tuberculous pleurisy were randomly separated into three groups ; control group(n=13), catheter group(n=12), urokinase group(n=22). In urokinase group, dose of 100,000U urokinase was instilled into the pleural cavity via a percutaneous drainage catheter for complete drainage or total dose of 700,000U of urokinase. After two hours clamping, the catheter was opened and intermittently irrigated. The early and late effectiveness of therapies was assessed by radiographically and by measuring the volume of fluid drained from the catheter. Results: There was statistically significantly better result in the urokinase group in respect of frequency of catheterization, frequency of catheter obstruction and the duration of catheterization in early effectiveness(p0.05). But there were more failure rates in control group especially honeycomb septa in pleural effusion sonographically than former two groups. And there were no complications of urokinase such as fever or hemorrhage. Conclusion: In the treatment of septated tuberculous pleurisy, there were better results in urokinase than those of catheterization alone in early effectiveness. And there was no difference in radiographic improvement between urokinase group and catheter group. Intrapleural instillation of urokinase is an effective and safe mode of treatment for septated tuberculous pleural effusions and alleviates the need for thoracotomy.

A comparative study of three therapeutic modalities in loculatedtuberculous pleural effusions / 결핵

Background: Although most of the patients with tuberculous pleural effusions completely reabsorbed their effusions and became asymptomatic within 2 to 4 months, later surgical procedures such as decortication is needed in some patients because of dyspnea caused by pleural loculations and thickening despite anti-tuberculous chemotherapy. It is obligatory to secure adequate drainage to prevent the development of complications. But, the best methods for treating loculated tuberculous pleural effusions remain debatable. Recent several reports revealed that intrapleural instillation of fibrinolytic agents is an effective adjunct in the management of complicated empyema and may reduce the need of surgery. Purpose: The effects of catheterization with intrapleural urokinase instillation were prospectively evaluated in the patients with septated tuberculous pleural effusion, and compared with other therapeutic effects of different modalities of therapy such as repeated thoracentesis and small-bored catheterization. Methods: Forty-eight patients diagnosed with tuberculous pleurisy were randomly separated into three groups ; control group(n=13), catheter group(n=12), urokinase group(n=22). In urokinase group, dose of 100,000U urokinase was instilled into the pleural cavity via a percutaneous drainage catheter for complete drainage or total dose of 700,000U of urokinase. After two hours clamping, the catheter was opened and intermittently irrigated. The early and late effectiveness of therapies was assessed by radiographically and by measuring the volume of fluid drained from the catheter. Results: There was statistically significantly better result in the urokinase group in respect of frequency of catheterization, frequency of catheter obstruction and the duration of catheterization in early effectiveness(p0.05). But there were more failure rates in control group especially honeycomb septa in pleural effusion sonographically than former two groups. And there were no complications of urokinase such as fever or hemorrhage. Conclusion: In the treatment of septated tuberculous pleurisy, there were better results in urokinase than those of catheterization alone in early effectiveness. And there was no difference in radiographic improvement between urokinase group and catheter group. Intrapleural instillation of urokinase is an effective and safe mode of treatment for septated tuberculous pleural effusions and alleviates the need for thoracotomy.

The Role and Localization of Nitric Oxide Synthasein Neurogenic Inflammation of the Rat Airways / 결핵

BACKGROUND: There have been many debates about the effects of nitric oxide on the neurogenic inflammation. The role of nitric oxide in the neurogenic inflammation of airways will be required a better understanding of the localization and types of nitirc oxide synthase(NOS) activity in the neurogenic inflammation of airways. METHOD: To investigate the role of nitric oxide in airway neurogenic inflammation, 1) the effects of neurokinin receptor antagonist (FK224) and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) on plasma extravastion were evaluated in four groups of Sprague-Dawley rats ; sham operation group(sham NANC group), electrical vagal stimulation group(NANC2 group), intravenous pretreatment groups with FK224 (1mg/kg ; FK224 group), and L-NNA(1mg/kg ; L-NNA group) 15 minutes before vagal NANC stimulation 2) NOS activity in trachea with neurogenic inflammation was localized by immunohistochemical stain. Immunohistochemical stain was performed by antibodies specific for inflammatory cells (iNOS), brain (bNOS), and endothelium (eNOS) on trachea obtained from sham NANC, NANC2, and FK224 groups. RESULTS: The results are that plasma extravsation in neurogenic inflammation of rat airways was inhibited by FK224, but enhanced by L-NNA pretreatment (P<0.05). There was significantly increased infiltration of inflammatory cells in subepithelium of neurogenic inflammatory trachea, but the reduction of subepithelial infiltration of inflammatory cells was observed after pretreatment with FK224 (P<0.05). Immunostaining with anti-iNOS antibody showed strong reactivity only in infiltrated inflammatory cells in neurogenic rat trachea, and these iNOS reactivity was reduced by pretreatment with FK224. bNOS immunoreactivity was significantly increased only in the nerves both of neurogenic inflammatory and FK224 pretreated trachea compared with sham NANC trachea(p<0.05). eNOS immunoreactivity was not significant change in endothelium in neurogenic inflammation of rat trachea. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that nitric oxide released from iNOS in infiltrated inflammatory cells has main role in neurogenic inflammation of rat trachea. The presence of bNOS immunoreactivity in the nerves indicates that nitric oxide may be released from the nerves in rat trachea with neurogenic inflammation.

A Case of Functional Upper Airway Obstruction Due To Vocal Cord Dysfunction / 결핵

Functional upper airway obstruction due to vocal cord dysfunction is being increasingly recognized and has been variously described as "Munchausen's stridor", "Emotional laryngeal wheezing", "Nervous asthma". It's features are symptoms of acute reversible recurrent dyspnea associated with an inspiratory stridor, normal anatomy of the upper airway, demonstration of variable severe exthrathoracic upper airways obstruction with pathologic adduction of the vocal cord at bronchoscopy. The patients with this condition are frequently misdiagnosed as asthma and the diagnosis is often delayed. So they can present a serious medical problem and are exposed to the complication of treatment and investigation. We report a case of functional upper airway obstruction due to vocal cord dysfunction who showed paradoxical vocal cord motion at bronchoscopy and typical features of variable exthrathoracic obstruction on Flow-volume loop during a symptomatic period.

Clinical Application of Nasal Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation with Bi-level Positive Airway Pressure(BiPAP) / 결핵

BACKGROUND: Noninvasive ventilation has been used extensively for the treatment of patients with neuromuscular weakness or restrictive chest wall disorders complicated by hypoventilatory respiratory failure. Recently, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation has been used in patients with alveolar hypoventilation,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Sanders and Kern reported treatment of obstructive sleep apnea with a modification of the standard nasal CPAP device to deliver seperate inspiratory positive airway pressure(IPAP) and expiratory positive airway pressure(EPAP).Bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP) unlike nasal CPAP, the unit delivers a different pressure during inspiration from that during expiration The device is similar to the positive pressure ventilator or pressure support ventilation. METHOD AND PURPOSE: Bi-level positive airway pressure(BiPAP) system(Respironics, USA) was applied to seven patients with acute respiratory failure and three patients on conventional mechanical ventilation. RESULTS: 1) Two of three patients after extubation were successfully achieved weaning from conventional mechanical ventilation by the use of BiPAP ventilation with nasal mask. Five of seven patients with acute respiratory failure successfully recovered without use of conventional mechanical ventilation. 2) PaO2 lhour after BiPAP ventilation in acute respiratory failure patients significantly improved more than baseline values(p<0.01)). PaCO2 lhour after BiPAP ventilation in acute respiratory failure patients did not change significantly more than baseline values. CONCLUSION: Nasal mask BiPAP ventilation can be one of the possible alternatives of conventional mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory failure and supportive method for weaning from mechanical ventilation.

The relationship between blood glucose and tumor marker (CEA, CA19-9 ) in patients with NIDDM

No abstract available.